Child Labour And Its Impact In Public Primary Schools In Dadaab - 550 Words

Child Labour And Its Impact In Public Primary Schools In Dadaab, Garissa County, Kenya (Research Paper Sample) Content: CHILD LABOUR AND ITS IMPACT IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DADAAB, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA ISSA MOHAMED ALI A Research Project Submitted to Postgraduate school in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology- Peace Studies and Conflict Management of Chuka University CHUKA UNIVERSITY JUNE 2018 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for an award of diploma or degree in this or any other University. . Signature_______________________ Date___________ Issa Mohamed Ali AMI8/07837/12 . Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dr. Ann Sande Department of Social Sciences Chuka University Signature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr. Dickson Konge Department of Arts and Humanities Chuka University ABSTRACT Child labour has remained a global challenge. It is estimated that about 218 million children in the world aged between 5-7 years currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. The persistence of child labour poses a threat to children’s education, especially in primary schools in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of child labour in public primary schools in Dadaab Sub-County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to; determine prevalence of child labour, investigate causes and impact of child labour on schooling in Dadaab Sub-County. Descriptive survey design was used. The target population was teachers, household head, community leaders, children engaged in child labour and officers in relevant Government offices. A sample size of 384 will be drawn from a total population of 150,000 people in Dadaab sub-County. The study used cluster, random, purposive and snowball sampling metho ds. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and Focus group discussion. Data from the field was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data was input into Statistical Package of Social Scientists (SPSS). The qualitative data was summarized and analyzed thematically. Data was presented through narratives, tabulation, charts and graphs. The results showed that majority, 45.5% of the children were involved in child labour while 54.5% of the children were not involved in child labour 24% of the children involved in child labour were male. Also, majority of the children, 35.8% of the children were involved in herding activities. The results also showed that 61.7% of the parents earn an income of less than 7000. The results showed that 60% of the children fail to go to school due to parents order to work, while 39.2% fail to go to school due to lack of school requirements. The chi-square p value on the relationship between chil d labour and performance was 0.03. Since the p value was less than 0.05, it implied that child labour had an adverse effect to schools performance at 5% significance level. The chi square p value between child labour and dropout level was 0.011, therefore child labour increase led to increase in dropout levels in the region. The chi square p value between child labour and absenteeism was 0.014, hence child labour increase led to increase in absenteeism. The findings obtained shed light on the plight of children involved in child labour. The findings were also a basis for further research on ways to reduce the child labour menace. ACRONYMS AED:Academy for Education AIDS :Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CRC:Convention on the Rights of the Children DHS:Domestic Household Survey FAWE:Forum for African Women Educationalists FPE:Free Primary Education GNP:Gross National Product HDR:Human Development Report HIV:Human Immune Deficiency Virus ILO:International Labour Organization IRIN:International Research Initiative KCSE:Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education KIDHBSKenya Integrated Domestic Household Budget Survey KNPHCKenya National Population Housing Census MDG’s:Millennium Development Goals MICS:Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey NACOSTI:National council for science and technology NESPNational Education Sector Plan NGO:Non – Governmental Organizations SIMPOC:Statistical Information Monitoring Plan on Child labour SPSS:Statistical Package for Social Sciences UN:United Nations UNDP:United Nations Development Program UNESCO:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGEI:United Nationals Girls Educational Initiative UNICEF:United Nation Children Education Fund 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Child labour is a global problem and it has become an area of growing interest. It negates efforts to attain full potentials in physical, mental, socio-economic and cultural development of children. (ILO 2010).Cockburn, (2001), postulates that around the world, growing gaps between the rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization (2004) estimates that 218 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative.The Kenya integrated domestic household budget survey KIDHBS(2005/2006) a total number of 1,012,184 children were working as child labourer comprising 533,197 boys 52.9% and 476,987girls 47.1%,In North Eastern a total of 17,476 children work as child labourer KIDHBS(2005/6). Underage children work in all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like trading in drugs and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers (UNICEF, 2013). According to ILO (2004) Child labor deprives children off their childhood, potential and their dignity, and is harmful to physical and mental development. Like ILO, the United Nations Children’s Fund describes child labour as work that compromise their physical, mental, social and education development (UNICEF, 2005). Education is well known to expand individual’s horizons and to enhance creativity towards more fulfilling lives. Kenya Vision 2030, recognizes education as key to life. Once educated, one is able to access new opportunities for self-perpetuation and growth (Republic of Kenya, 2008a). Improvements in education translate into innovations in healthcare. Improvements in healthcare are critical as they enable people to live free from diseases and other dysfunctions. Diseases and malnutrition have a huge crippling effect on families, individuals, societies and a nation’s economy (Becker, 1993). Finally, education and healthcare become more accessible when individuals have higher disposable incomes. The higher the income, it can generally be argued, the freer access one has to other opportunities. The multiplier effect of education on development as evidenced over the years has resulted in private and state investment in education being highly encouraged and supported (Becker, 1993). Internationally, there have been many declarations that urge governments to provide basic education for all citizens. The shift from looking at the wealth of a nation simply in terms of produce shifted with the introduction of the human development index. UN Conference (1948) Article 26 states that everyone has a right to basic education. Education for All (EFA) has been discussed in international forums for example UNESCO Conference at Jomtien, Thailand. The Jomtien conference was followed up with a conference in Dakar in 2000. The Dakar conference led to the birth of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) that sought to attain Universal Primary Education ( UPE) by 2015. However, despite being signatories, African governments did not achieve most of the objectives set out by these international declarations (UNESCO, 2013). Children are integral part in the society; they deserve the childhood rights as it’s their in-born human right. UN Convention on the Rights of a Child has ensured that every child in the world has right to survival, development, protection and participation. Government must protect children from work that is dangerous or might harm their health or education (Article 32 UNCRC, 1989). Children are regarded as a source of hope and inspiration for future. An overwhelming majority of children in the world is deprived and denied their fundamental rights, are exploited, abused, and subjected to painful life. (Hindman, 2011). Child labour is not a recent phenomenon; it has existed over the centuries not only in the impoverished areas of developing countries, but also in developed countries until the beginning of the 20th century (Post, 2001). Child Labour is a social problem associated with the rise of industrial production. It appeared in earlier ages in agricultural societies, but during the industrial revolution of the 18th century in Great Britain it was especially conspicuous and began to be opposed (Shahrokhi, 1996). In mines, children were to crawl through tiny pits to reach the coalface, and also were to operate on the ventilation ports. In mills, this child workforce grew annually outworking others and long working hours with more intensity was the dream each child had, and this would mentally challenge them (UNICEF, 2008). There is a link between withdrawal of pupils from school and their engagement in child labour. In this study, child labour refers to any work engagements that interferes with access and participation in school activities. Work is good for the development of children; however, some forms of work have negative effects on children due to the way they are structured or what it entails. Any form of work, which negatively affects children is considered to be harm...

The Constraints on Adolescent Learning Essay - 3088 Words

Personalities, social skills and intellectual development are only some of the key factors that effect how pupils learn and achieve differently to one another. Every child responds individually to their specific needs and environment, and the extent of that achievement can be often be linked with external factors as pupils are naturally influenced by a variety of different constraints. These factors that are not concrete and will change and alter throughout an adolescent’s development, as Piaget (Piaget 1970) believed the mind changes and works in different ways at different stages so do the conditions that enhance and limit progress. Furthermore these constraints can have both a beneficial and a detrimental effect on the learning†¦show more content†¦Additionally a lack of income might mean that children from deprived families loose out on educational visits, access to the internet and books, limiting educational opportunities and resources that could be used to exte nd a pupils schooling. A constraint that could directly affect an adolescents learning in Art and art related subjects as equipment and resources are limited and must often be supplemented by the pupils to aid in the production of high quality outcomes, therefore penalising those who cannot afford the best materials. Physiologists Vygotsky and Piaget’s ideas can both been seen to effect the nature of education and the environment in which children learn due to the theories they devised throughout the twentieth century and whilst their concepts may appear to be different I believe that they do hold some similar threads. Vygotsky believed that children develop through interaction with people, communities, their peers and essentially the environment around them, yet Piaget theorised that pupils learnt through constructing their own knowledge and that the brain changes from using concrete to formal operations during puberty (Piaget 1970 cited in Schwebel 1974). However, for a child to construct new ideas and expand upon their knowledge are they not first influenced by what they see around them and then react to what isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)? Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of success. 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Feminism A Multi Disciplinary Approach For Sexual...

Feminism generally refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to sexual characteristics and sex parity. This is understood through political activism and social theories. This particular approach consists of beliefs and ideas regarding what customs are like for women, compared to how the world functions for their male counterparts. The main supposition in Feminism is that women are not treated in the same way as men, and that they are at a disadvantage. It is important to keep in mind that feminism does not refer to a belief that one gender deserves to be superior to the other. The definition of this approach is in complete opposition. Therefore, when people criticize feminism, they are actually supporting sexism. In the course of history, feminism has evolved from the serious evaluation of disparity between the sexes to a more nuanced concentration on the performative and social structures of sexuality and gender. Historically, scholars and feminists have categorized the history of thi s particular approach into three main waves. The initial wave is that of women’s suffrage movements witnessed in the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth Centuries. The second wave is the actions and notions linked with women’s freedom movement of the 1960s, while the third wave is the continuation of and response to the apparent disappointments of the second wave, beginning in the 1990s. There are a few feminist scholars who are in opposition of identifying feminism with these particular

William Trevors short stories Essay Example For Students

William Trevors short stories Essay William Trevors short stories explore several themes; faded love, hopeless marriage, as well as alienation and loneliness. By focusing on two of these short stories, The Distant Past, and In Isfahan, these themes that usually set a mood of melancholy will be compared and contrasted within the coursework. It will be shown that the above themes are constantly lurking on the fringes of both these stories. Although, the context or setting for Trevors stories differ as well as the characters, the ordinariness and often bleak or peculiar attributes are all combined to bring these themes to life. Finally, the essay will look at the resolution and show that both stories show a hopelessness and loneliness that seems characteristically dark and offers no hope for a happy ending for the main characters in each story. A major undercurrent of the Middeltons background is the theme of the past. Trevor sets this theme against a phase of Irish history where sectarian attitudes within both communities had acted as a catalyst for a period known as the troubles. As such, the Middeltons like many others on both sides of the religious divide they are prisoners of the distant past, which has shaped and defined cultural, political and religious identity for centuries. Trevors narrative gives a rich sociological and historical description of the decline of the familys fortunes and the Middeltons resolve to hold on to Carraveagh the family home, a large house, built in the reign of George II, a monument that reflected in its glory and later decay of the family fortunes. The scene setting used by Trevor instantly registers, symbolically with the reader able to identify the Middletons declining fortunes with the decline of the British Empire. This symbolism is cleverly used within the story to reinforce the mess age that the past still dominates the present, especially within the context of Irish life. Although the Middletons, both brother and sister are portrayed as harmless and peculiar, this has an odd appeal that endears the family to the local catholic residents. This poignant inconclusiveness of being loyal to Irelands colonial past highlights the curious relationship the Middeltons nostalgia and dual identity has in conveying the sharp cultural differences, and ordinariness the troubles were to have in transforming social relationship in this small Irish town. At a latter stage in their lives the brother and sister lay the blame for the familys disappointments upon the fathers catholic mistress, and the independent government of the Irish Republic. Here Trevor first shows how the past grievances of the Middletons are entirely based upon the irrational prejudices of an eccentric couple, that dont at first reflect the populaces viewpoint. The exotic Persian setting and a chance meeting between a middle aged couple both facing a rather clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d mid life crisis is the theme of Trevors second story; In Isfahan. A rather eloquent and beautiful looking women who appears to be of Indian extraction, but talks with a cockney accent meets a typical English middle aged man, with greying hair, wrinkled face, and tanned skin. These two central characters Normanton and Iris seem totally out of place against the ancient skyline and surroundings of Isfahan. However, an unusual and at times awkward tour of Isfahan seems to draw these too deeply troubled souls together in a way that allows both to eventual open up deeply held wounds of failed relationships, and regretful past decisions. This sets the tone which eventual leads both characters to view their failed relationships, and ponder on the possibility of finding happiness with each other. After their chance meeting Iris and Normantons ordinariness reveals a quite appealing side to Iriss Indian background. This allows Trevor to bring a more interesting background to the character with a cosmopolitan feel that gives her an allure of charm and style that instantly registers with both Normanton and the reader. This appeal to the reader was mutual complimented with Normanton exhibiting the characteristics of a man not only well travelled, but knowledgeable and educated. As such, this mutual curiosity is the catalyst that sees the couple renew their acquaintanceship after their first chance meeting. In addition the use of a peaceful silent courtyard, with blue mosaic walls, blue water, as a scenic grotto of heaven are equally appealing to the reader in keeping an interest and flow to the story, which allows the narrative to cover subjects associated with a mid life crisis. This is achieved by Iris confining that her marriage to an Indian businessman in Bombay, whos also twe nty two years her senior, was done for purely materialistic reason. The dialogue is eloquently used with facial expressions of indifference in her eyes when talking of her husband, which helps bring the underlying emotions and feelings of the character to the fore. These outpourings and human descriptions of body language by Trevor are used to draw the reader in to the inner subject of the characters that allows the storyline to flow while gripping the reader. In the distant past Trevor captures the triteness of the towns social attitudes by focusing on everyday relationships during the Keynesian post war boom. As the Middletons have failed to share in the towns growing prosperity the contrast is sharply brought in to focus by Trevor using the faded furniture, colourless wallpaper, leaking roof, with only an ebony framed portrait of their father as being a testament to the familys previous wealthy standing. This bleak decline in the familys fortunes and the advancing years of the Middletons convey both the loneliness and disappointment, which are totally at odds with the post war boom. Yet these failings and characteristics have an appeal of there own that is manifested in the brother and sister seen as evidence that previous conflicts and wounds being healed. Although, the bleakness, disappointment, and loneliness of the family jump out from the storyline, the characters have a charm and allure similar to Normanton and Iris in the Isfahan story. This ability of Trevor to bring the ordinary characters to life by focusing on the underlying emotions is a testament to the authors skill at analysing the human psyche. The novel One Hundred Years EssayThe ostracisation of the Middletons brings to the fore emotions of regret and loneliness. This all too apparent despair at the futility of the rebuffs, and the despondency that the troubles were worse than beforeit was never going to cease not in their lifetimes, brought about a reflection of their own roles in this whole sorry saga. As a consequence, the stance and display of the previous imperial past, the cross of Saint George, and their fathers portrait were now removed from the family home. Although these changes were not out of fear, but out of a mourning for the modus Vivendi that had existed for so long between them and the people of the town. The life, the peace, the dignity, had strongly ebbed away, and only in the midst of the troubles did the Middletons realise how they would die friendless as their own deaths drew closer. This damming dialogue expose the hopelessness of the Middletons during the latter years of their lives. In contrast Normanton had awoken early just before dawn broke, and began to reflect on the evening spent with Iris. He saw her piercing eyes, and most of all the story shed told him. His own story of a novelette picture with a comfortable middle class life in the Home Counties was based on a lie. He some how felt he could not disillusion her. Yet the doubt of why he could not have told her his own secrets tore deeply at his soul. His reflection told him that her story and her failings had seemed ridiculous. As the hours went by he believed that he should have found love with her. He should be telling her his own secrets, and asking for her understanding. The harsh realities of his own life, the drab flat in Hampstead, not the home counties, his second wifes adultery, as well as his first wife also deceiving him meant that he had not had the courage to tell her. This doubt and uncertainty is reflected by Normanton deciding whether to dress and go to the station and tell her his story. If he intervened now they could spend their days together, yet underneath his regret Normanton realised that circumstances meant that his truths made him the stuff of fantasy. This cold hard fact meant that she had quality, he had none. Again Trevor captures the failure and frailties of the psyche with the story line that is so eloquently human in its narrative, yet produces angst that is similar in content to the distant past. What does emerge from these two William Trevor stories is a kind of observers view thats intent on moralising on themes of loneliness, regret, failure, disappointment, and compromise, and its effects when perpetuated on the characters. Here the common theme that emanates between the two stories is the circumstances in which the need for love and acceptance has been totally unfulfilled in the lives of ageing characters. Furthermore, these characters exude an ordinariness that gives these stories an objectivity, which draws the reader in with a sympathetic understanding of the characters and their motives and actions, which unfold during these mid life dilemmas. Although the context and setting for each of these stories differs, the reader is left in little doubt of the inner workings of the human psyche, and the fact that were all human, and as such, nothing human is alien to us, as well as the characters. This latter aspect always captures the mood of melancholy and frustration that is common to the characters within both these stories. In conclusion the stories certainly lack an element of passion, and a dynamic that fails to truly capture the alienation that the characters are experiencing. Yes the frustration and bland ordinariness of the narrative convey the redundant conversations in the melancholy tone, which Trevor bleakly wishes to achieve; yet the depths and meaning of these alienated characters lack an intellectual introspection. For example, the Distant Past at best skims the surface of the troubles and leaves the reader amazed that the political, and social factors that have led to the angst of the Middletons, is past off as some superfluous historical event. This effectively means that life in these stories is reflected in predictable and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d characterisation that lacks the intellectual depth of a writer like Chekov. Whether this is Trevors personal take on life is clearly debatable, yet this shortcoming seems to detract from the consistency of what Trevor is aiming for namely: the flaws and anguish of human circumstance. In short, William Trevor may capture the mood of melancholy and the tone of frustration within these narratives, yet the lack of an intellectual depth to his writings gives his characterisations a superficiality that detracts from his works.

The Kurds - A Nation Without A State Essays -

The Kurds - A Nation Without a State Introduction Of all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, "The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe." (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at. The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900's, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdistan, which lasted from 1922-1924; later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic, which lasted for only one year (Prince, p. 17, 1993). In 1924, Turkey even passed a law banning the use of the Kurdish language in public places. Another group of people to consider is the Kurds living in Iraq. Major conflict between the Kurds and Iraqis did not really begin until 1961, when a war broke out that lasted until 1970. Around this time, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. In 1975, Hussein adopted a policy of eradicating the Kurds from his country. Over the next fifteen years, the Iraqi army bombed Kurdish villages, and poisoned the Kurds with cyanide and mustard gas (Hitchens, p. 46, 1992). It is estimated that during the 1980's, Iraqis destroyed some 5000 Kurdish villages (Prince, p. 22, 1993). From this point, we move into the recent history and current state of these conflicts between the Kurds and the Turks, and the Kurds against the Iraqis. Causes for Conflict The reasons for these conflicts have great relevance to geography. The areas of geography relating to these specific conflicts are a historical claim to territory on the part of the Kurds, cultural geography, economic geography, and political geography. These four areas of geography can best explain the reasons for these Kurdish conflicts. First, the Kurds have a valid historical claim to territory. They have lived in the area for over 2000 years. For this reason, they desire the establishment of a Kurdish homeland. Iraqis and Turks, while living in the area for a long period of time, cannot make a historical claim to that same area. The conflict arises, however, because the area happens to lie within the borders of Iraq and Turkey. Even though the Kurds claim is valid, the Turks and Iraqis have chosen to ignore it and have tried to wipe out the Kurds. Second, and probably most important,

The German Lyrics for Edelweiss

The German Lyrics for 'Edelweiss' If youre a fan of the The Sound of Music, then you probably have the words to Edelweiss memorized. But if you only know the song in English, its time to learn how to sing it in  German. Edelweiss is more than just a sweet song from a classic musical. Its also a good  example of how songs are translated into different languages. Though it was written in English for a 1959 American musical set in Austria  that was adapted as a movie in 1965, German lyrics werent written until later. It might surprise you to learn that the translation isnt exact; in fact, its not even close, except in the general sentiment. Before we get into the translation, heres some background on the song. Edelweiss Isnt German or Austrian The first thing you should know about Edelweiss is that its not an Austrian or German song. The only thing German about it is its title and the alpine flower itself. The song was written and composed by two Americans:  Richard Rodgers  (music) and  Oscar Hammerstein II  (lyrics). Hammerstein had a German heritage- his grandfather, Oscar Hammerstein I, was born in what is now Poland to a German-speaking Jewish family- but the song is strictly American. In the film, Captain von Trapp (played by  Christopher Plummer) sings an emotional version of Edelweiss, a resounding, memorable rendition that may have contributed to the false idea that its the Austrian national anthem. The second thing  to know about  Edelweiss is that it, like The Sound of Music, is virtually unknown in Austria. Although Salzburg, Austria, bills itself as The Sound of Music City, customers for The Sound of Music tours include very few Austrians or Germans. Edelweiß der Liedtext (Edelweiss Lyrics) Music by Richard RogersEnglish Lyrics by  Oscar HammersteinDeutsch: UnknownMusical: The Sound of Music Edelweiss is a very simple song no matter which language you choose to sing it in. Its a great way to practice your German with a tune that you probably already know. Both the German and English lyrics are below. Notice how each language uses the songs rhythm and has  the same or nearly the same number of syllables per line. Both sets of lyrics have a romantic feel, not only in the meaning of the words  but also in how they sound. German Lyrics English Lyrics Direct Translation Edelweiß, Edelweiß, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Edelweiss Du grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸t mich jeden Morgen, Every morning you greet me You greet me every morning, Sehe ich dich, Small and white, I see you, Freue ich mich, clean and bright I am looking, Und vergess' meine Sorgen. You look happy to meet me. And I forget my worries. Schmà ¼cke das Heimatland, Blossom of snow Decorate the home country, Schà ¶n und weiß, may you bloom and grow, Beautiful and white, Blà ¼hest wie die Sterne. Bloom and grow forever. Flourishing like the stars. Edelweiß, Edelweiß, Edelweiss, Edelweis, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Ach, ich hab dich so gerne. Bless my homeland forever. Oh, I love you so much. An  Example of How Songs Are Translated In translating songs, how they sound and flow with the music is more important than an exact transliteration of the words. Thats why the German translation is significantly different from  Hammersteins English lyrics. We dont know who wrote the German lyrics for Edelweiss, yet he or she did a good job of retaining the meaning of Hammersteins song. Its interesting to compare all three versions side by side so we can see how musical translations work.

The Presumption of Innocence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Presumption of Innocence - Essay Example Amid this reality, justice must be the grandest virtue in a democratic society and truth must be its basic attribute. The laws and institutions become nothing and insignificant if these used as an instrument for injustice. The latter will drumbeat the call for reformation and abolition of these structures if it perpetuates discrimination, human rights violation, deprivation of liberty, and if the rights of the citizenry are bargained for elitist interest. Injustice is unbearable. It dehumanizes and alienates us from our political ideals or convictions. Justice is supposed to at the core of civilization’s social contracts. Many political and social philosophers have made noble abstractions and theories about systems of governance and yet they commonly agreed that justice’s guiding principles are the foundational pillar required to safeguard free and rational persons to experience equality as they associate with the rest of the civilization. Through this, they will be abl e to specify the nature and kind of social cooperation or collaboration needed to form that kind of government for the enjoinment of their basic rights and the performance of duties. It also defines the social benefits they needed to relish therefrom. It’s also through this dream for a just society that fellows are able to establish regulations and policies to set norms for social behavior and interaction. Every person must decide with reasonable reflection on what constitutes good and that which is fair against the unjust; equitable against inequitable. True, peoples progress, develop, and change. The nature of social contract for a just society also evolves. The populace social conduct became its culture and the past became historical facts unearthed to shed understanding for the present. Those bloody wars of the past and the conflicts that espoused the evolution of society also alter the course or direction of a nation. Many of those social phenomena required application g enuine justice for social healing and to embody a nation of social cohesion.