The Constraints on Adolescent Learning Essay - 3088 Words

Personalities, social skills and intellectual development are only some of the key factors that effect how pupils learn and achieve differently to one another. Every child responds individually to their specific needs and environment, and the extent of that achievement can be often be linked with external factors as pupils are naturally influenced by a variety of different constraints. These factors that are not concrete and will change and alter throughout an adolescent’s development, as Piaget (Piaget 1970) believed the mind changes and works in different ways at different stages so do the conditions that enhance and limit progress. Furthermore these constraints can have both a beneficial and a detrimental effect on the learning†¦show more content†¦Additionally a lack of income might mean that children from deprived families loose out on educational visits, access to the internet and books, limiting educational opportunities and resources that could be used to exte nd a pupils schooling. A constraint that could directly affect an adolescents learning in Art and art related subjects as equipment and resources are limited and must often be supplemented by the pupils to aid in the production of high quality outcomes, therefore penalising those who cannot afford the best materials. Physiologists Vygotsky and Piaget’s ideas can both been seen to effect the nature of education and the environment in which children learn due to the theories they devised throughout the twentieth century and whilst their concepts may appear to be different I believe that they do hold some similar threads. Vygotsky believed that children develop through interaction with people, communities, their peers and essentially the environment around them, yet Piaget theorised that pupils learnt through constructing their own knowledge and that the brain changes from using concrete to formal operations during puberty (Piaget 1970 cited in Schwebel 1974). However, for a child to construct new ideas and expand upon their knowledge are they not first influenced by what they see around them and then react to what isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)? Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of success. 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Feminism A Multi Disciplinary Approach For Sexual...

Feminism generally refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to sexual characteristics and sex parity. This is understood through political activism and social theories. This particular approach consists of beliefs and ideas regarding what customs are like for women, compared to how the world functions for their male counterparts. The main supposition in Feminism is that women are not treated in the same way as men, and that they are at a disadvantage. It is important to keep in mind that feminism does not refer to a belief that one gender deserves to be superior to the other. The definition of this approach is in complete opposition. Therefore, when people criticize feminism, they are actually supporting sexism. In the course of history, feminism has evolved from the serious evaluation of disparity between the sexes to a more nuanced concentration on the performative and social structures of sexuality and gender. Historically, scholars and feminists have categorized the history of thi s particular approach into three main waves. The initial wave is that of women’s suffrage movements witnessed in the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth Centuries. The second wave is the actions and notions linked with women’s freedom movement of the 1960s, while the third wave is the continuation of and response to the apparent disappointments of the second wave, beginning in the 1990s. There are a few feminist scholars who are in opposition of identifying feminism with these particular

William Trevors short stories Essay Example For Students

William Trevors short stories Essay William Trevors short stories explore several themes; faded love, hopeless marriage, as well as alienation and loneliness. By focusing on two of these short stories, The Distant Past, and In Isfahan, these themes that usually set a mood of melancholy will be compared and contrasted within the coursework. It will be shown that the above themes are constantly lurking on the fringes of both these stories. Although, the context or setting for Trevors stories differ as well as the characters, the ordinariness and often bleak or peculiar attributes are all combined to bring these themes to life. Finally, the essay will look at the resolution and show that both stories show a hopelessness and loneliness that seems characteristically dark and offers no hope for a happy ending for the main characters in each story. A major undercurrent of the Middeltons background is the theme of the past. Trevor sets this theme against a phase of Irish history where sectarian attitudes within both communities had acted as a catalyst for a period known as the troubles. As such, the Middeltons like many others on both sides of the religious divide they are prisoners of the distant past, which has shaped and defined cultural, political and religious identity for centuries. Trevors narrative gives a rich sociological and historical description of the decline of the familys fortunes and the Middeltons resolve to hold on to Carraveagh the family home, a large house, built in the reign of George II, a monument that reflected in its glory and later decay of the family fortunes. The scene setting used by Trevor instantly registers, symbolically with the reader able to identify the Middletons declining fortunes with the decline of the British Empire. This symbolism is cleverly used within the story to reinforce the mess age that the past still dominates the present, especially within the context of Irish life. Although the Middletons, both brother and sister are portrayed as harmless and peculiar, this has an odd appeal that endears the family to the local catholic residents. This poignant inconclusiveness of being loyal to Irelands colonial past highlights the curious relationship the Middeltons nostalgia and dual identity has in conveying the sharp cultural differences, and ordinariness the troubles were to have in transforming social relationship in this small Irish town. At a latter stage in their lives the brother and sister lay the blame for the familys disappointments upon the fathers catholic mistress, and the independent government of the Irish Republic. Here Trevor first shows how the past grievances of the Middletons are entirely based upon the irrational prejudices of an eccentric couple, that dont at first reflect the populaces viewpoint. The exotic Persian setting and a chance meeting between a middle aged couple both facing a rather clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d mid life crisis is the theme of Trevors second story; In Isfahan. A rather eloquent and beautiful looking women who appears to be of Indian extraction, but talks with a cockney accent meets a typical English middle aged man, with greying hair, wrinkled face, and tanned skin. These two central characters Normanton and Iris seem totally out of place against the ancient skyline and surroundings of Isfahan. However, an unusual and at times awkward tour of Isfahan seems to draw these too deeply troubled souls together in a way that allows both to eventual open up deeply held wounds of failed relationships, and regretful past decisions. This sets the tone which eventual leads both characters to view their failed relationships, and ponder on the possibility of finding happiness with each other. After their chance meeting Iris and Normantons ordinariness reveals a quite appealing side to Iriss Indian background. This allows Trevor to bring a more interesting background to the character with a cosmopolitan feel that gives her an allure of charm and style that instantly registers with both Normanton and the reader. This appeal to the reader was mutual complimented with Normanton exhibiting the characteristics of a man not only well travelled, but knowledgeable and educated. As such, this mutual curiosity is the catalyst that sees the couple renew their acquaintanceship after their first chance meeting. In addition the use of a peaceful silent courtyard, with blue mosaic walls, blue water, as a scenic grotto of heaven are equally appealing to the reader in keeping an interest and flow to the story, which allows the narrative to cover subjects associated with a mid life crisis. This is achieved by Iris confining that her marriage to an Indian businessman in Bombay, whos also twe nty two years her senior, was done for purely materialistic reason. The dialogue is eloquently used with facial expressions of indifference in her eyes when talking of her husband, which helps bring the underlying emotions and feelings of the character to the fore. These outpourings and human descriptions of body language by Trevor are used to draw the reader in to the inner subject of the characters that allows the storyline to flow while gripping the reader. In the distant past Trevor captures the triteness of the towns social attitudes by focusing on everyday relationships during the Keynesian post war boom. As the Middletons have failed to share in the towns growing prosperity the contrast is sharply brought in to focus by Trevor using the faded furniture, colourless wallpaper, leaking roof, with only an ebony framed portrait of their father as being a testament to the familys previous wealthy standing. This bleak decline in the familys fortunes and the advancing years of the Middletons convey both the loneliness and disappointment, which are totally at odds with the post war boom. Yet these failings and characteristics have an appeal of there own that is manifested in the brother and sister seen as evidence that previous conflicts and wounds being healed. Although, the bleakness, disappointment, and loneliness of the family jump out from the storyline, the characters have a charm and allure similar to Normanton and Iris in the Isfahan story. This ability of Trevor to bring the ordinary characters to life by focusing on the underlying emotions is a testament to the authors skill at analysing the human psyche. The novel One Hundred Years EssayThe ostracisation of the Middletons brings to the fore emotions of regret and loneliness. This all too apparent despair at the futility of the rebuffs, and the despondency that the troubles were worse than beforeit was never going to cease not in their lifetimes, brought about a reflection of their own roles in this whole sorry saga. As a consequence, the stance and display of the previous imperial past, the cross of Saint George, and their fathers portrait were now removed from the family home. Although these changes were not out of fear, but out of a mourning for the modus Vivendi that had existed for so long between them and the people of the town. The life, the peace, the dignity, had strongly ebbed away, and only in the midst of the troubles did the Middletons realise how they would die friendless as their own deaths drew closer. This damming dialogue expose the hopelessness of the Middletons during the latter years of their lives. In contrast Normanton had awoken early just before dawn broke, and began to reflect on the evening spent with Iris. He saw her piercing eyes, and most of all the story shed told him. His own story of a novelette picture with a comfortable middle class life in the Home Counties was based on a lie. He some how felt he could not disillusion her. Yet the doubt of why he could not have told her his own secrets tore deeply at his soul. His reflection told him that her story and her failings had seemed ridiculous. As the hours went by he believed that he should have found love with her. He should be telling her his own secrets, and asking for her understanding. The harsh realities of his own life, the drab flat in Hampstead, not the home counties, his second wifes adultery, as well as his first wife also deceiving him meant that he had not had the courage to tell her. This doubt and uncertainty is reflected by Normanton deciding whether to dress and go to the station and tell her his story. If he intervened now they could spend their days together, yet underneath his regret Normanton realised that circumstances meant that his truths made him the stuff of fantasy. This cold hard fact meant that she had quality, he had none. Again Trevor captures the failure and frailties of the psyche with the story line that is so eloquently human in its narrative, yet produces angst that is similar in content to the distant past. What does emerge from these two William Trevor stories is a kind of observers view thats intent on moralising on themes of loneliness, regret, failure, disappointment, and compromise, and its effects when perpetuated on the characters. Here the common theme that emanates between the two stories is the circumstances in which the need for love and acceptance has been totally unfulfilled in the lives of ageing characters. Furthermore, these characters exude an ordinariness that gives these stories an objectivity, which draws the reader in with a sympathetic understanding of the characters and their motives and actions, which unfold during these mid life dilemmas. Although the context and setting for each of these stories differs, the reader is left in little doubt of the inner workings of the human psyche, and the fact that were all human, and as such, nothing human is alien to us, as well as the characters. This latter aspect always captures the mood of melancholy and frustration that is common to the characters within both these stories. In conclusion the stories certainly lack an element of passion, and a dynamic that fails to truly capture the alienation that the characters are experiencing. Yes the frustration and bland ordinariness of the narrative convey the redundant conversations in the melancholy tone, which Trevor bleakly wishes to achieve; yet the depths and meaning of these alienated characters lack an intellectual introspection. For example, the Distant Past at best skims the surface of the troubles and leaves the reader amazed that the political, and social factors that have led to the angst of the Middletons, is past off as some superfluous historical event. This effectively means that life in these stories is reflected in predictable and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d characterisation that lacks the intellectual depth of a writer like Chekov. Whether this is Trevors personal take on life is clearly debatable, yet this shortcoming seems to detract from the consistency of what Trevor is aiming for namely: the flaws and anguish of human circumstance. In short, William Trevor may capture the mood of melancholy and the tone of frustration within these narratives, yet the lack of an intellectual depth to his writings gives his characterisations a superficiality that detracts from his works.